Cortical spreading depression

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Metrics details. Spreading depression SD is a slowly propagating wave of near-complete depolarization of neurons and glial cells across the cortex. SD is thought to contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of migraine aura, and possibly also an intrinsic brain activity causing migraine headache. Experimental models of SD have recapitulated multiple migraine-related phenomena and are considered highly translational. In this review, we summarize conventional and novel methods to trigger SD, with specific focus on optogenetic methods. We outline physiological triggers that might affect SD susceptibility, review a multitude of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral consequences of SD, and elaborate their relevance to migraine pathophysiology.

Cortical spreading depression

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Cortical spreading depression CSD and depolarization waves are associated with dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells, increased energy metabolism and changes in cerebral blood flow CBF. There is strong clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that CSD is involved in the mechanism of migraine, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. The implications of these findings are widespread and suggest that intrinsic brain mechanisms have the potential to worsen the outcome of cerebrovascular episodes or brain trauma. The consequences of these intrinsic mechanisms are intimately linked to the composition of the brain extracellular microenvironment and to the level of brain perfusion and in consequence brain energy supply. This paper summarizes the evidence provided by novel invasive techniques, which implicates CSD as a pathophysiological mechanism for this group of acute neurological disorders. The findings have implications for monitoring and treatment of patients with acute brain disorders in the intensive care unit. Drawing on the large body of experimental findings from animal studies of CSD obtained during decades we suggest treatment strategies, which may be used to prevent or attenuate secondary neuronal damage in acutely injured human brain cortex caused by depolarization waves. In normal brain tissue studied experimentally, CSD usually has to be induced by a deliberate perturbation of the brain such as electrical or mechanical stimulation Leao, In hypoxic, ischemic, or hypoglycemic brain tissue, CSDs will usually occur spontaneously, and recovery occurs with a prolonged time course Kraig and Nicholson, In this review, we use the abbreviation CSD as a generic term for all brain waves characterized by near-complete sustained depolarization of neurons Leao,

Antiepileptic drugs may prevent CSD and migraine Marrannes et al; Martins-Ferreira et alcortical spreading depression, ; Ayata,but in patients with acutely injured brain cortex, the effects of antiepileptic drugs are unpredictable and patients may develop both seizures and CSD in the presence of high doses of antiepileptic drugs that normally decrease neuronal excitability Fabricius et al ,

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Cortical spreading depression CSD is a self-propagating wave of cellular depolarization that has been implicated in migraine and in progressive neuronal injury after stroke and head trauma.

Cortical spreading depression or CSD is an electrophysiological phenomenon affecting various perspectives of brain physiology such as ionic balance, neurotransmitter level, and blood flow in the brain. This phenomenon has greater impact on the brain function and results in the pathological contribution of many diseases in humans such as migraine with aura, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Various factors such as nutrition, stress, sleep, age, alcohol, inflammation and oxidative stress worsen the condition and affect CSD susceptibility. Thus, correction of these main culprits might ameliorate the cumbersome effect of CSD, thereby providing benefits in diseases associated with CSD. This review collates most of the triggering factors that makes one prone to the CSD condition along with its underlying mechanisms. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Rent this article via DeepDyve. Institutional subscriptions. Alcohol Clin Exp — Abadie-Guedes R, de Bezerra RS, Guedes RCA Alpha-tocopherol counteracts the effect of ethanol on cortical spreading depression in rats of various ages, with and without ethanol abstinence.

Cortical spreading depression

Wannan Tang and Gry Fluge Vindedal contributed equally to this work. Looger, Erlend A. Cortical spreading depression is a slowly propagating wave of near-complete depolarization of brain cells followed by temporary suppression of neuronal activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that cortical spreading depression underlies the migraine aura and that similar waves promote tissue damage in stroke, trauma, and hemorrhage. Cortical spreading depression is characterized by neuronal swelling, profound elevation of extracellular potassium and glutamate, multiphasic blood flow changes, and drop in tissue oxygen tension.

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The role of spreading depression in acute brain disorders. In three experiments, in which the delay of CSD ignition in control could be derived from the beginning of the steep IOS rise including the representative experiment in Fig. Mei et al. In this review, we use the abbreviation CSD as a generic term for all brain waves characterized by near-complete sustained depolarization of neurons Leao, Much like other models, it is one component part of a complex heterogenous disease process involving genetic, sex dependent, hormonal and environmental factors. Journal of Neurophysiology. Ayata C Spreading depression: from serendipity to targeted therapy in migraine prophylaxis. Download references. Published : 02 May Although SD is known to propagate by continuity of gray matter, SD in slice cultures was found to induce significant loss of myelin integrity and myelin basic protein via inflammation and oxidative stress [ ]. A nosographic analysis of the migraine aura in a general population.

Metrics details. Spreading depression SD is a slowly propagating wave of near-complete depolarization of neurons and glial cells across the cortex.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Correspondence to Takahiro Takano. Ann Neurol. These studies were restricted to the initial hours after the hemorrhage. Migraine auras are most often visual, apparently starting in area 17, which is the brain region with the highest neuronal density, and the relatively lowest density of astrocytes that may protect the cortex from CSD Largo et al , A total loss of neuronal activity follows the oscillations, which may last for minutes, before complete recovery. In summary, CSD triggers important changes of perfusion, which may determine whether the consequence of the depolarization wave is benign Nedergaard and Hansen, or associated with permanent damage Dreier et al , Download ePub. Consistent with these findings, systemic hyperglycemia was found to elevate the electrical SD threshold and reduce the frequency of KCl-induced SDs [ 97 ], that is, to make the brain more resistant to SD. Pathology and etiology of cortical spreading depression 3. Harriott, A. Nat Rev Neurosci 13 4 —