Antivenom ++

Coverage Species: Bitis arietansantivenom ++, Cerastes cerastesEchis carinatusEchis coloratus, Echis omanensis, Naja haje, Walterinnesia aegyptia Also neutralizes the venom of many of the middle east and north Antivenom ++ snakes including Bitis caudalis, Bitis gabonica, Bitis rhinocerosNaja melanoleuca, Naja naja, and Naja nigricollis.

Product Description: Enzyme refined ammonium sulphate precipitated. Protection against venom of Ophiophagus hannah, Bungarus fasciatus and probably Calliophis and Hemibungarus species, Indian Trimeresurus species. Initial Dose Mnfr : Minimum envenoming : 5 vials Moderate envenoming : 5 to 10 vials Severe envenoming : 10 to 20 vials See Guidelines below. Recommended Dose: Minimum envenoming : 5 vials Moderate envenoming : 5 to 10 vials Severe envenoming : 10 to 20 vials See Guidelines below. Cost, postage and handling, shipment information: Visit www. Contact: Dr. Brahmne Director In-Charge Dr.

Antivenom ++

Snakebite is a major public health burden for low-income countries in tropical parts of the world. There are around 5 million bites and , deaths every year. And about , victims become permanently disabled annually. In Africa, the most notorious of snake species is the black mamba Dendroaspis polylepis. It is feared for its potent rapid-acting venom and its characteristic feature of typically striking more than once. The problem is that it always injects venom in its bite. Other venomous African snake species that pose a danger to humans include other mambas, cobras, puff adders, boomslangs, and a range of vipers. Treatment against snakebite venom is currently limited to antiserum derived from animals. There have been incremental innovations in the manufacture of antivenoms. But most are still produced using methods developed years ago. Current antivenom production involves immunising animals, like horses or sheep, with venom milked from snakes and then isolating antibodies from the serum. The process is expensive and labour intensive. A combination of these factors and a difficult market environment has some led commercial producers to withdraw. As a result, current stocks of functional antivenom will soon expire. The situation is so bad that experts and NGOs active in the field refer to the lack of antivenom — particularly in sub-Saharan Africa — as a neglected health crisis.

Reviewing evidence of the clinical effectiveness of commercially available antivenoms in sub-saharan africa identifies the need for a multi-centre, multi-antivenom clinical trial. In Bangladesh envenomed victims of snakebite requiring antivenom spent more time with antivenom ++ healers than victims of non-venomous snakebite Harris et al, antivenom ++.

Snakebite envenoming is a major public health problem throughout the rural tropics. Antivenom is effective in reducing mortality and remains the mainstay of therapy. This study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of using effective antivenoms for Snakebite envenoming in Nigeria. Economic analysis was conducted from a public healthcare system perspective. Estimates of model inputs were obtained from the literature.

Antivenom , also known as antivenin , venom antiserum , and antivenom immunoglobulin , is a specific treatment for envenomation. It is composed of antibodies and used to treat certain venomous bites and stings. Side effects may be severe. Versions are available for spider bites , snake bites , fish stings , and scorpion stings. Antivenom was first developed in the late 19th century and came into common use in the s. Antivenom is used to treat certain venomous bites and stings.

Antivenom ++

Antivenom: also called antivenin, a medicine used to treat people who have been bitten or stung by a venomous animal Protein: a type of molecule found in the cells of living things, made up of special building blocks called amino acids. The sting of a deathstalker scorpion is usually not strong enough to kill a human being. It is, however, extremely painful. It also causes headaches, drowsiness and swelling. Fortunately, scientists have discovered ways to stop the harmful effects of venom with antivenom also known as antivenin. Venom from different animals work in different ways, and is usually made of more than one kind of toxin.

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The risk of possible overuse of antivenoms needs to be balanced with the imperative that safe, effective and affordable antivenoms are available as close to the patient as possible, in adequate doses that can be administered early. But most are still produced using methods developed years ago. Antivenom prices and financing The cost of antivenom has a major impact on accessibility and affordability. This technique has been investigated in various animal models and may enable venom-independent antivenom manufacture in the future. Kidney Int. Brown NI Consequences of neglect: analysis of the sub-Saharan African snake antivenom market and the global context. Community perspectives on reasons. Multifaceted interventions are needed to improve antivenom access in resource-limited settings. Snakebites as cause of deaths in the western Brazilian amazon: why and who dies? However, few economic evaluations have been conducted, and they either concentrated on cost of production of antivenom or were of a preliminary nature on cost per Disability Adjusted Life Year DALY averted following carpet viper envenoming [28] , [29]. Because the number of vials that constitutes an effective clinical dose is unclear [See Box 2 ] this likely translates into even fewer complete treatments. Conclusions The results of our study suggest that making antivenoms available to treat snakebite is highly cost-effective in Nigeria. A combination of these factors and a difficult market environment has some led commercial producers to withdraw.

Snake antivenom is a medication made up of antibodies used to treat snake bites by venomous snakes. It is a biological product that typically consists of venom neutralizing antibodies derived from a host animal, such as a horse or sheep.

Also, we do not consider other potentially relevant disability outcomes that have been anecdotally reported among snakebite survivors such as malignant ulcers and pregnancy loss [18]. The decision made by Sanofi in to cease antivenom production Chippaux and Habib, highlights how commercial imperatives trump corporate social responsibility when it comes to markets in low-to middle-income countries LMICs. In the Brazilian Amazon, transport to health facilities may involve several different means of travel, significant time delays and sometimes exposure to dangerous conditions on land, water and in the air Cristino et al. Snake bite in South Asia: a review. Resulting anaemia and shock may ultimately lead to death [1] , [6] , [7]. Our review describes the antivenom ecosystem at different levels and identifies solutions to overcome these challenges. Conclusions The results of our study suggest that making antivenoms available to treat snakebite is highly cost-effective in Nigeria. It varies from product to product based on potency, immunoglobulin concentration, mass of injected venom per species and other factors [see Box 2 ]. Recombinant antivenoms are still under development. Pan Afr. High incidence of bites and stings by snakes and other animals among rubber tappers and Amazonian Indians of the Jurua valley, acre state, Brazil. Provide free access to emergency SBE treatment including antivenoms to affected communities, incorporate coverage for out-of-pockets into national health care subsidies or insurance schemes, and include SBE in national efforts to achieve UHC. One of the key characteristics of an effective antivenom is that it must be manufactured using immunoglobulins raised against venoms from snakes that occur in the countries and regions where the product will be deployed WHO, View Article Google Scholar 7. Several factors can lead to under-dosing, especially inferior potency and low immunoglobulin content in poorly designed or low quality products.